![]() 44 A 8), Hans Talhoffer and Paulus Kal, all of whom taught the teachings of Liechtenauer. Important 15th-century German fencing masters include Sigmund Ringeck, Peter von Danzig (see Cod. Some Fechtbücher have sections on duelling shields ( Stechschild), special weapons used only in trial by combat. Normally, several modes of combat were taught alongside one another, typically unarmed grappling ( Kampfringen or abrazare), dagger ( Degen or daga, often of the rondel dagger), long knife ( Messer) or Dusack, half- or quarterstaff, pole weapons, longsword ( langes Schwert, spada longa, spadone), and combat in plate armour ( Harnischfechten or armazare), both on foot and on horseback. From the 15th century into the 17th, numerous Fechtbücher (German "fencing-books") were produced, of which some several hundred are extant a great many of these describe methods descended from Liechtenauer's. Though no manuscript written by him is known to have survived, his teachings were first recorded in the late fourteenth-century Nürnberger Handschrift GNM 3227a. The central figure of late medieval martial arts, at least in Germany, is Johannes Liechtenauer. 1300, is the oldest surviving Fechtbuch, teaching sword and buckler combat. I.33 (also known as the "Walpurgis" or "Tower Fechtbuch"), dated to ca. Some researchers have attempted to reconstruct older fighting methods such as Pankration, Eastern Roman hoplomachia, Viking swordsmanship and gladiatorial combat by reference to these sources and practical experimentation. There are no other known martial arts manuals predating the Late Middle Ages (except for fragmentary instructions on Greek wrestling, see Papyrus Oxyrhynchus 466), although medieval literature (e.g., sagas of Icelanders, Eastern Roman Acritic songs, the Digenes Akritas and Middle High German epics) record specific martial deeds and military knowledge in addition, historical artwork depicts combat and weaponry (e.g., the Bayeux Tapestry, the Synopsis of Histories by John Skylitzes, the Morgan Bible). The first book about the fighting arts, Epitoma rei militaris, was written into Latin by a Roman writer, Publius Flavius Vegetius Renatus, who lived in Rome between the fourth and fifth centuries. Modern reconstructions of some of these arts arose from the 1890s and have been practiced systematically since the 1990s. During the Late Middle Ages, the longsword had a position of honour among these disciplines, and sometimes historical European swordsmanship ( HES) is used to refer to swordsmanship techniques specifically. The term Western martial arts ( WMA) is sometimes used in the United States and in a wider sense including modern and traditional disciplines. Arts of the 19th century such as classical fencing, and even early hybrid styles such as Bartitsu, may also be included in the term HEMA in a wider sense, as may traditional or folkloristic styles attested in the 19th and early 20th centuries, including forms of folk wrestling and traditional stick-fighting methods. 1300 to 1800, with a German and an Italian school flowering in the Late Middle Ages and the Renaissance (14th to 16th centuries), followed by Spanish, Portuguese, French, English, and Scottish schools of fencing in the modern period (17th and 18th centuries). For this reason, the focus of HEMA is de facto on the period of the half-millennium of ca. While there is limited surviving documentation of the martial arts of classical antiquity (such as Greek wrestling or gladiatorial combat), surviving dedicated technical treatises or martial arts manuals date to the Late Middle Ages and the early modern period. ![]() Historical European martial arts ( HEMA) are martial arts of European origin, particularly using arts formerly practised, but having since died out or evolved into very different forms. The first page of the Codex Wallerstein shows the typical arms of 15th-century individual combat, including the longsword, rondel dagger, messer, sword-and- buckler, halberd, spear, and staff.
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